How Morphine Acts on the Body
- Pain Relief: It acts as a full agonist, primarily at the \(\mu \)-opioid receptors, interrupting pain signals between the brain and body.
- Release Mechanism: Extended-release (ER/SR) formulations release medication slowly over 12 hours, providing consistent pain relief rather than a rapid, short-term effect.
- Respiratory System: It causes dose-related respiratory depression by decreasing the brain’s responsiveness to carbon dioxide, which can lead to slow or shallow breathing.
- Gastrointestinal System: It increases smooth muscle tone in the stomach and duodenum, leading to decreased motility, which frequently causes constipation.
- Cardiovascular System: It may cause peripheral vasodilation, which can result in low blood pressure or orthostatic hypotension (dizziness when standing up).
- Central Nervous System: Beyond pain relief, it may cause drowsiness, sedation, euphoria, and a reduced cough reflex. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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